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Family-Based Immigration

Legal Review by J. Rivera, Immigration Attorney, J.D.ARDC: 0000000Updated Jun 25, 2026

Family-based immigration lets U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents petition for qualifying relatives to obtain a green card. The process starts with a petition that establishes the family relationship, followed by either adjustment of status inside the U.S. or consular processing abroad. Wait times depend on the relative's category and country of birth.

Who can sponsor a relative

U.S. citizens may petition for spouses, children, parents, and siblings. Lawful permanent residents may petition for spouses and unmarried children. The sponsoring relationship is proven with documents such as marriage and birth certificates, and the petitioner must usually file an affidavit of support showing the financial ability to support the immigrant.

Immediate relatives vs. preference categories

Immediate relatives of U.S. citizens (spouses, unmarried children under 21, and parents) have no annual cap, so a visa is available right away. Other relatives fall into family preference categories that are subject to annual limits, which can create multi-year waits depending on category and country of birth.

Two paths to a green card

Applicants already in the United States may be eligible to adjust status without leaving the country. Applicants abroad complete consular processing at a U.S. embassy or consulate, where they attend an interview before receiving an immigrant visa.

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