When can I apply for naturalization?

Most green card holders can apply after five years, or three years if married to and living with a U.S. citizen. You may file up to 90 days before meeting the residence requirement.

What is on the civics test?

The civics test asks questions about U.S. history and government. USCIS publishes the official study materials so applicants can prepare in advance.

Can my naturalization be denied for travel?

Extended trips abroad can break continuous residence and affect eligibility. Keep records of your travel and consult counsel if you spent long periods outside the U.S.

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Naturalization and U.S. Citizenship

Legal Review by J. Rivera, Immigration Attorney, J.D.ARDC: 0000000•Updated Jun 25, 2026

Naturalization is the process by which a lawful permanent resident becomes a U.S. citizen. Most applicants qualify after holding a green card for five years (or three years if married to a U.S. citizen), meeting continuous residence and physical presence rules, and passing English and civics tests. The process ends with an oath of allegiance.

Basic eligibility

You generally must be at least 18, a lawful permanent resident for five years (three if married to and living with a U.S. citizen), and a person of good moral character. You must also meet continuous residence and physical presence requirements during the qualifying period.

The application and interview

Applicants file Form N-400 and attend a biometrics appointment, followed by an interview with a USCIS officer. At the interview, the officer reviews the application and administers the English and civics tests.

Tests and the oath

The civics test covers U.S. history and government, and the English test checks reading, writing, and speaking ability, with some exemptions for older long-term residents. Once approved, applicants take the Oath of Allegiance at a ceremony and receive a Certificate of Naturalization.

Frequently Asked Questions

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